README FILE FOR BERING STRAIT MOORING DATA                      25th Feb 2026
=============================================================================
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25th Feb2026:  Revised postcal information for Wetlabs 7566 added. 
- citation for Woodgate et al., 2025 updated. 

Bering Strait Moorings 2024-2025

This is an archive of data from moorings deployed in Bering Strait from
summer 2024 and to summer 2025.

Mooring deployments were funded by the NSF-Arctic Observing Network
award PLR-2153942 (PIs: Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz).

The mooring work required 2 dedicated cruises:
- in 2024 (8th - 18th Sept), a ~ 11 day cruise on the US vessel
Norseman2 deployed the moorings.  Some CTD sections were run on this cruise,
and those data are archived separately.
- in 2025 (2nd - 10th July), a ~ 9 day cruise on the US vessel
Norseman2 recovered the moorings.  Some CTD sections were run on this cruise,
and those data are archived separately.

In 2024, a total of three moorings were deployed:
- two moorings (A2 and A4) in the US channel of the strait,
- one mooring (A3) at a site just north of the strait.
In what follows, mooring names include a two digit suffix to represent
year of deployment.
In 2025, all three moorings were successfully recovered. 

Sites A2, and A3 were established in 1990. A2 and A3 have been occupied
almost continuously (all years except 96-97) since then. Site A4
was established in 2001.
Mooring location A2 is in the middle of the eastern (Alaskan side) channel.
Mooring location A3 is just north of the strait, immediately east of the
Russian-US EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) line.
Experience has shown that site A3 samples both eastern and western
channel water.
Mooring location A4 is close to the Alaskan coast and allows
measurement of the Alaskan Coastal Current.

For an overview of previous and on-going Bering Strait mooring work,
please see http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html.

Moorings carry a variety of instruments, listed in the table below.
All records are year-round, sampling hourly or more frequently (Time
Int. in table below).
Data from instruments marked with * are not included in this archive.
For access to these data, please contact the named PI in list below table.

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
ID  Deployed Latitude  Longitude  Instrument      S/N  Time   Inst.  Water
     in Year   (N)        (W)                          Int.   Depth  Depth
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
A2-24  2024  65 46.83  168 34.08  ISCAT         24297  10min 16m/22m    56m
                                  ISCAT-Logger     24  30min   ...      56m
                                  300kHz-ADCP    2234  30min   46m      56m
                                  SBE37-ODO	24443  60min   49m      56m
                                  FLNTUSB        7566  60min   49m      56m
                                  SUNA           1920  60min   49m      56m
                                  SBE37         24435  10min   50m      56m

A3-24  2024  66 19.63  168 57.06  Upper ISCAT   24425  10min 6m/23m/30m 58m
                                  Lower ISCAT   24426  10min  15m/21m   58m
                                  ISCAT-Logger     27  30min   ...      58m
	                          300kHz-ADCP   12845  30min   43m      58m
                                  SBE37(IM)     24307  60min   43m      58m
                                  SBE37-ODO	24444  60min   46m      58m
                                  FLNTUSB        1260  60min   46m      58m
                                  SUNA           1918  60min   46m      58m
                                  *SOUNDTRAP     6079    -     49m      58m

A4-24  2024  65 44.76  168 15.75  ISCAT         20935     NR   16m      49m
                                  ISCAT-Logger     03  30min   ...      49m
                                  300kHz-ADCP   13756  30min   37m      49m
                                  SBE37         23154  10min   41m      49m
                                  FLNTUSB        7565  60min   41m      49m
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Depths are estimated from mooring design and pressure sensors where available,
and are good to 1-2m.
  NR=instrument not recovered     ND=No data
  Where ISCATS change recording depth when floatation is lost, all depths are given
Instruments with data included here:
 ISCAT - SBE37IM in ice resistant float, telemetering data inductively to
   a Logger below (system developed at APL-UW). Logger data only used if
   SBE37s are not recovered. 
 300KHz-ADCP - 300kHz RDI/Teledyne Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
 SBE37 Microcat - Seabird SBE 37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder
 SBE37-ODO - Seabird SBE37 Temperature Salinity Pressure recorder 
           with SBE63 Dissolved oxygen sensor
 FLNTUSB - Wetlabs Fluorescence Turbidity sensor
 SUNA - Seabird SUNA V2 Nitrate sensor
Instruments with data not included here:
 SBE16woptic - Seabird SBE16plus with optical data (including some or all of
               fluorescence, turbidity, transmissivity and PAR) - see headers
 SBE26p-BPG - Seabird SBE26plus Bottom Pressure Gauge
 RCM9Turb - Aanderaa RCM9 acoustic current meter with turbidity sensor
 RCM9LW   - Aanderaa Lightweight RCM9 acoustic current meter
 AARI-CM&CTD - Current meter and CTD from AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research
               Institute, Russia), PI: Igor Lavrenov, AARI
 ISUS - ISUS Nitrate sensor, PI: Terry Whitledge, UAF
 AURAL M2* - Aural Marine Mammal Acoustic Recorder, PI: Kate Stafford, UW
 APL Marine Rec* - APL Marine Recorder, PI: Kate Stafford, UW.
 Soundtrap - APL Marine Mammal Recorder, PI: Kate Stafford UW. 

Each data file contains the data from one instrument-year - the listed year
in the mooring name is the year in which the mooring was deployed.

For non-ADCP instruments, calibrated data are recorded in one file per instrument
per year, with naming convention:
   BeringStrait_yyyy_ID_III_#####.ttt
yyyy=Deployment year; ID=mooring ID; III=instrument type; #####=serial number;
ttt=indicates calibration, with .pre=pre-deployment calibration used,
.ppp=pre and post deployment calibrations merged.
For some instruments (e.g., SBE16,37, SUNA, ADCP, raw data files and calibration
information are also included.  See file listings.  

For the ADCPs, there are multiple files per instrument.
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####ADCPraw.000 = Binary download from the ADCP
(see notes below for multiple .000 files)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPdeploytests.txt = pre deployment tests
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_ADCPrecoverytest.txt = post deployment tests
The remainder are ASCII conversions of the data, corrected for clock drift
and magnetic declination.
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.btm = ASCII bottom track data
        (including ice range and velocity)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.ins = ASCII instrument data
        (e.g. heading, pitch, roll, temperature)
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####_bin01.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 1
   BeringStrait_yyyy__ID_#####.bin02.rdat = ASCII water velocity data in Bin 2
    etc.  (Bin depths are given in the data files)
Header information is included in each data file.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
For details of the measurements and their interpretation, please see:
   Woodgate, R.A., K.M.Stafford and F.G.Prahl (2015) A synthesis of
   year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering
   Strait (1990-2014) and the RUSALCA years (2004-2011), Oceanography
   28(3):46-67, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.57
and
   Woodgate, R.A., 2018, Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic 
   from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving 
   mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data, 
   Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.

Please use both 2015 and 2018 citations for these data.

For an overview of cruises and project, please see:
   http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html

For relevant papers, please see:
Roach, A.T., K. Aagaard, C. H. Pease, S.A. Salo, T. Weingartner, V. Pavlov,
   and M. Kulakov (1995) Direct measurements of transport and water properties
   through Bering Strait, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18,443-18,457.
Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard (2005) Revising the Bering Strait freshwater
   flux into the Arctic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02602,
   doi:10.1029/2004GL021747.
Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T. Weingartner (2005) Monthly temperature,
   salinity, and transport variability of the Bering Strait throughflow,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, No. 4, L04601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021880.
Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2005) A year in the
   physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn
   1990-1991,Deep-Sea Res., Part II, 52, 3116-3149,
   doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
Woodgate, R. A., K. Aagaard, and T. J. Weingartner (2006) Interannual changes
   in the Bering Strait fluxes of volume, heat and freshwater between 1991
   and 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L15609, doi:10.1029/2006GL026931.
Woodgate, R. A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2010), The 2007 Bering
   Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi:10.1029/2009GL041621.
Woodgate, R.A., T. Weingartner, and R. Lindsay (2012), Observed increases
   in Bering Strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from
   2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column,
   Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24603, doi:10.1029/2012GL054092.
Woodgate, R.A., (2018), Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic from
   1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving mechanisms
   from year-round Bering Strait mooring data, Progress in Oceanography,
   160, 124-154,  doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.
Woodgate, R.A., and C.Peralta-Ferriz, (2021), Warming and Freshening of the
   Pacific Inflow to the Arctic from 1990-2019 implying dramatic shoaling
   in Pacific Winter Water ventilation of the Arctic water column,
   Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2021GL092528
Woodgate, R. A., Peralta-Ferriz, C., & Jensen, L. (2025). Pacific-to-Arctic 
   oceanic nitrate fluxes: First Bering Strait overwinter nitrate time-series 
   (2022-2023) show winter replenishment and suggest decadal flux increase. 
   Geophysical Research Letters, 52, doi:10.1029/2025GL117737
All papers are available at our website. 

For queries, please contact:
   Rebecca Woodgate   woodgate@uw.edu   (206) 221-3268
   Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Lab, University of Washington
   1013 NE 40th, Seattle, WA  98105-6698   USA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Meta data
=========

1) Platform: Subsurface oceanographic moorings

2) Project title: Bering Strait

3) Data collection dates: Sept 2024 to July 2025

4) PI:   Rebecca Woodgate (woodgate@uw.edu)

5) Data collection method:
     Year-round moorings carrying
     - Sea-Bird temperature/conductivity and pressure recorders (SBE)
     - RDI 300kHz Workhorse Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP)
     - APL data loggers for inductive data from ISCAT system
     - Sea-Bird SBE37-ODO dissolved oxygen sensor (SBE63)
     - Wetlabs FLNTUSB Fluorescence Turbidity sensors 
     - Sea-Bird SUNA V2 nitrate sensors 

6) Data calibration method:
     Unless noted otherwise in the header on each data file, timestamps
     have been corrected for observed instrument clock drift.
     All times are given in GMT.
     For SBEs, calibration coefficients are given in header file.

  SBEs:  (SBE16, SBE37 and SBE37ODO)
     - Generally pre and post calibrated by the manufacturer (indicated
       by suffix .ppp).  
     - pre and post calibrations linearly time-weighted through the
       deployment.
     - .pre suffix indicates only pre-cruise calibration used
     - just prior to recovery, a CTD cast was performed in the vicinity
       of the mooring as an attempt to provide an inwater calibration.
       This is found to be of inconsistent quality as a calibration check.
       Immediately after recovery, SBE instruments were placed in a stirred
       tank of sea water, to check immediate post deployment calibrations.
	 This gives the best estimate of any residual offset in salinity after
       the manufacturer's post calibration.
       For full details, see cruise report. These are both just informational checks
       to assess how well the post-cruise manufacturer's calibration captures
       the final in-water state. The final post-cruise calibration used is
       that from the manufacturer, to be consistent with prior data processing.

  Wetlabs FLNTUSB
      - Calibrated by the manufacturer pre deployment
      - Where available, post deployment information given in header file

  SUNA:
      - Calibrated by the manufacturer pre deployment
      - pre and post deployment, reference updates performed with distilled water
      and test run done with 20uM nitrate standard prepared by UW.
      - data processed for temperature salinity correction as per Sakamoto et al 2009
      using Sea-bird UCI software
      - Final data interpolated in time between pre and post calibrations
      - Offset applied to align data with bottle samples and ensure most times in
      the water have positive nitrate values


  ADCPS:  Tested by APL/manufacturer pre deployment.
     - compasses calibrated as per manufacturer's
       specifications in Seattle prior to deployment.  
       Estimated compass error is included in the header file
     - where available, post deployment compass check also included in header file
     - direction corrected to true north, magnetic declination used is cited
       in the header.
     - data requiring speed of sound in water is corrected by the ADCP using
       the water temperature measured by the ADCP.
     - intensity of returned signals is not specially calibrated.

7) Instrumentation used:  (see table for sampling frequencies)
     Sea-Bird SBE16 and SBE 37 recorders
     ISCAT loggers (SBE37 Microcat logging data to an APL-Logger)
     RDI 300 kHz Workhorse ADCP - bin size typically 2m 
     Sea-Bird SBE37-ODO	incorporating SBE63 dissolved oxygen sensor
     Wetlabs  FLNTUSB   
     Seabird  SUNA-V2 


8) Quality control procedures:
     Quality control provided by Rebecca Woodgate.
     ADCP data rely on ADCP internal temperature for speed of sound
       corrections.
     ADCP Data files are included for all bins up to the surface although
       bins near the surface contain much larger errors (likely due to
       surface effects) and should be treated with caution.


9) Data format:
     SBE and other data - ASCII, format given in individual headers
        (uncalibrated "hex", "asc" or "XML" data also included for SBEs)
     ADCP data - 2 formats: a) BINARY download file from ADCP and
                            b) ASCII conversion of these files (in 2m bins)
     OTHER instruments - ASCII, format given in individual headers
         (where relevant, raw data and calibrations are included, see file listing


10) Data collection problems:
    By Mooring:      
    - biofouling is a typical issue in the strait, but was light
    on these moorings, and salinity cells were generally clear on recovery,
    although some instruments show intermittent problems during the year.
    The effect of this on the data is to make salinities appear
    erroreously fresh.  Estimates of the extent of this problem by
    instrument are given below and in the individual file headers.
    Photographic documentation of biofouling on recovery is available
    via cruise reports, included here and on the Bering Strait website:
    http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html.


By Instrument:  (issues usually discussed further in cruise report)

    === ISCATS (Loggers and SBE37s)

A224  - ISCAT SBE37 24297 - recovered
      - Logger 24 - not used as SBE37 recovered
- Microcat deployed as part of an ISCAT system,             
on 29 m tether to top of mooring in trawl resistant float   
- biofouling light, cell clear                              
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- given depth is initial minimum depth, under high flow     
instrument pulls down.  Also, by design, top float may      
be lost to ice, causing instrument to fall to safer depth   
- this year, iscat falls to 22m on JD474 (18th April 2025)  
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- clock 0 min fast by end of deployment                     
- polling of SBE by logger appears to delay SBE writing,    
resulting in the equivalent of 2 records lost sometime      
during deployment. For exact time stamps, see raw data.     
Time stamps here are set for regular data intervals with    
data end time adjusted to give good match to times into     
and out of water. But these times may differ by up to       
~5min to actual data times.                                 
- by design, instrument may pull down, thus pressure        
record must be included in analysis                         
- record linearly interpolated between pre and pos cal      
- test tank suggests final data still ~0.01psu fresh,       
but this is in general agreement with manufacturer's        
specifications.                                             

A324  - Upper SBE37 24425 - recovered
      - Logger 27- not used as SBE37 recovered
- Microcat deployed as part of an MISCAT system,            
on 35 m tether to top of mooring in trawl resistant float   
- biofouling light, cell clear                              
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- given depth is initial minimum depth, under high flow     
instrument pulls down.  Also, by design, top float may      
be lost to ice, causing instrument to fall to safer depth.  
As the upper instrument on the MISCAT, this SBE37 descends  
in two stages.                                              
- this year, iscat falls to 23m on JD365 (30th Dec 2024)    
- this year, iscat falls to 30m on JD401 (4th Feb 2025)     
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- clock 0 min fast by end of deployment                     
- polling of SBE by logger appears to delay SBE writing,    
resulting in the equivalent of 1 record lost sometime       
during deployment. For exact time stamps, see raw data.     
Time stamps here are set for regular data intervals with    
data end time adjusted to give good match to times into     
and out of water. But these times may differ by up to       
~5min to actual data times.                                 
- by design, instrument may pull down, thus pressure        
record must be included in analysis                         
- record linearly interpolated between pre and pos cal      
- test tank suggests final data still ~0.02 psu salty,      
although this may reflect poor mixing in the tank.          
This is just beyond with manufacturer's  specifications.    
- Comparison to other instruments on the mooring implies    
a possible offset (ISC 0.04 psu too salty) for most of the  
deployment, trending fresh from JD510                       

A324  - Lower SBE37 24426 - recovered 
      - Logger 27- not used as SBE37 recovered
   - top float with SBE37 was lost, data only from logger      
   - logger clock 33 min slow on recovery but                  
      and time stamps here are taken from the SBE37,              
   - note start time is not on whole hour                      
   - by design, instrument may pull down, thus pressure        
      record must be included in analysis                         
   - post cal not available                                    
- Microcat deployed as part of an MISCAT system,            
on 35 m tether to top of mooring in trawl resistant float   
- biofouling light, cell clear                              
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- given depth is initial minimum depth, under high flow     
instrument pulls down.  Also, by design, top float may      
be lost to ice, causing instrument to fall to safer depth.  
As the lower instrument on the MISCAT, this SBE37 descends  
in only one stage.                                          
- this year, iscat falls to 21m on JD401 (4th Feb 2025)     
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- clock 0 min fast by end of deployment                     
- polling of SBE by logger appears to delay SBE writing,    
resulting in the equivalent of 2 records lost sometime      
during deployment. For exact time stamps, see raw data.     
Time stamps here are set for regular data intervals with    
data end time adjusted to give good match to times into     
and out of water. But these times may differ by up to       
~5min to actual data times.                                 
- by design, instrument may pull down, thus pressure        
record must be included in analysis                         
- record linearly interpolated between pre and pos cal      
- test tank suggests final data still ~0.015psu fresh,      
this is just beyond with manufacturer's  specifications.    
- Comparison to other instruments on the mooring implies    
a possible offset (ISC 0.02 psu too salty) for most of the  
deployment, trending fresh from JD480                       

A424  - Iscat SBE37 20935 - lost, last data record 16th Dec 2024 
      - Logger 03
- Microcat deployed as part of an ISCAT system,             
on 20 m tether to top of mooring in trawl resistant float   
- given depth is minimum depth, instrument often deeper     
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- top float with SBE37 was lost, data only from logger                                 
- logger clock 15 min slow on recovery but                  
and time stamps here are taken from the SBE37,              
- note start time is not on whole hour                      
- by design, instrument may pull down, thus pressure        
record must be included in analysis                         
- post cal not available, but other data show sensor        
drift in the strait may be as large as 0.05-0.1psu too      
fresh by end of year deployment                             
- note data are not regular in time, especially near end of record 

 
   === SBE37s 

A224_24435
- Deployed in vaned frame                                   
- instrument depth estimated from instrument pressure       
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- Cell clear on recovery                                    
- Clock 13s slow slow on recovery                           
- Data interpolated from precal to post cal over the record 
- UW tank tests indicate salinities good to about 0.008psu, 
however other instruments on mooring suggest that in the    
water data may be drifting up to 0.02psu fresh by the end   
of the deployment                                           

A324_24307(IM)
- Deployed in vaned frame as part of ADCP package           
- instrument depth estimated from instrument pressure       
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- This is an SBE37IM                                        
- Cell clear on recovery                                    
- Clock 18s slow slow on recovery                           
- postcal found large drift in the conductivity cell        
Precal in better agreement (0.025psufresh) than post cal    
(0.04psu salty) to test tank. Thus, precal used here.       
However, data from adjacent ODO on the mooring suggests     
the SBE driftsfresh from JD450, ending up ~0.025psu fresh   
by the end of the deployment.                               
Either correct for this drift or see ODO salinity record.   
      
A424_23154
- Deployed in vaned frame                                   
- instrument depth estimated from instrument pressure       
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- Cell clear on recovery                                    
- Clock 15s slow slow on recovery                           
- Data interpolated from precal to post cal over the record 
- UW tank tests indicate salinities good to about 0.008psu, 


   === ADCPs
      Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected
      for pitch and roll.  For full discussion and correction,
      see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive.

A224_adcp02234
- ADCP deployed in non-vaned frame with viny floatation               
- biofouling light, transducers clear of barnacles                    
- failed following tests in air pre deployment: none                  
- failed following tests in air post deployment: WB                   
- pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 20 deg                
- roll frequently 5-10deg                                             
- range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll                 
- large errors in bin1, and at start of record                        
- data generally good until Bin16 (~12m)                              
- temperature data not quality controlled                             
                           
A324_adcp12845
- ADCP deployed in vaned frame with viny floatation                   
- biofouling light, transducers clear of barnacles                    
- failed following tests in air pre deployment: H/W                   
- failed following tests in air post deployment: none                 
- pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 20 deg                
- roll frequently 5-10deg                                             
- range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll                 
- large errors in bin1 and intermittently in other bins               
(presumably as iscats drop into those bins)                           
- data generally good until Bin15 (~11m)                              
- temperature data not quality controlled                             

A424_adcp13756
- ADCP deployed in non-vaned frame with viny floatation               
- biofouling light, transducers clear of barnacles                    
- failed following tests in air pre deployment: none                  
- failed following tests in air post deployment: H/W                  
- pitch and roll generally < 10 deg, peaking at 20 deg                
- roll frequently 5-10deg                                             
- range measurements not corrected for pitch and roll                 
- no large errors in bin1                                             
- data generally good until Bin13 (~9m)                               
- temperature data not quality controlled                             


   === SBE37ODO

A224_ODO_24443
- ODO deployed vertical in cage with SUNA & Wetlabs sensors 
- biofouling light, cell clear                              
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- clock 13s slow by end of deployment                       
- pre cal gives better agreement (~0.007psu fresh) to test  
tank standard than post cal (~0.04psu salty).               
Thus pre cal used here.                                     
- in water, however, 0.01psu saltier than adjacent SBE      
Suggest use SBE salinity rather than ODO salinity.          

A324_ODO_24444    
- ODO deployed vertical in cage with SUNA & Wetlabs sensors 
- biofouling light, cell clear                              
- soaked in test tank after recovery for cal check          
- instrument depth estimated from own pressure sensor       
- clock 14s slow by end of deployment                       
- post cal agrees with test tank standard within 0.008psu   
- record interpolated between pre and post cals             
- salinity & oxygen data likely incorrect from JD437-440    
- oxygen data also suspect for JD300-303 and 312-314        
                    

   === FLNTUSB 

A224_FLNTUSB_7566
- FLNTUSB deployed looking down in cage with SUNA and ODO
- equipped with biowiper
- depth estimated from other sensors on mooring
- biofouling low, biowiper free to turn, face clear
- clock 1min slow  on deployment
- clock 13min slow on recovery
(both are corrected for in timestamps below)
- information from manufacturer (Seabird) suggests typically
fluorescence drift per year may be 2.6ug/L or 5% of max signal
turbidity drift per year may be 3.75 NTU or 15% per year
Post cruise calibrations were performed at Seabird,  
These provided updated scale factors for Chl and NTU of
- for CHL, 0.0280 instead of (precal) 0.0121
- for NTU, 0.0462 instead of (precal) 0.0242
It seems most likely this is erroneous information, as it
would imply a 200% change over the deployment
We hypothesize a mistaken range, and the new coefficients should
be nearer half those values.  If that is the case, then
that suggests the pre cal data presented here may be
16% too low for Chl
5% too high for NTU
Further information from Seabird was not available at the
time of archiving.  Please visit our website for any update
psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait,html
25thFeb2026 Update:  Seabird provided revised coefficients, viz:
- for CHL, 0.0134 instead of (precal) 0.0121
- for NTU, 0.0225 instead of (precal) 0.0242
Those suggest the pre cal data presented here may be
11% low for Chl
9% too high for NTU
- 9999 indicates pre cal information missing
Dark counts checked with black tape over sensors
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 44-49 and 49-53
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 48-55 and 45-51
- data interval given above is approximate, due to
instrument writing time, time between readings is
slightly greater than this.
- time stamps below are correct
- 4readings per on-time, individual
readings, and mean and std recorded here
- pre and post deployment, some period with cap on to
establish instrument drift. See cruise report for details

A324_FLNTUSB_1260
- FLNTUSB deployed looking down in cage with SUNA and ODO
- equipped with biowiper
- depth estimated from other sensors on mooring
- biofouling low, biowiper free to turn, face clear
- clock 0min slow  on deployment
- clock 0min slow on recovery
(both are corrected for in timestamps below)
- information from manufacturer (Seabird) suggests typically
fluorescence drift per year may be 2.6ug/L or 5% of max signal
turbidity drift per year may be 3.75 NTU or 15% per year
Post cruise calibrations were performed at Seabird,  
These provided updated scale factors for Chl and NTU of
- for CHL, 0.0135 instead of (precal) 0.0121
- for NTU, 0.0062 instead of (precal) 0.0061
Those suggest the pre cal data presented here may be
11% too low for Chl
2% too low for NTU
- 9999 indicates pre cal information missing
Dark counts checked with black tape over sensors
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 39-68 and 39-63
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 37-61 and 44-61
- data interval given above is approximate, due to
instrument writing time, time between readings is
slightly greater than this.
- time stamps below are correct
- 4readings per on-time, individual
readings, and mean and std recorded here
- pre and post deployment, some period with cap on to
establish instrument drift. See cruise report for details


A424_FLNTUSB_7565
- FLNTUSB deployed on SBE37, mounted looking down
- equipped with biowiper
- depth estimated from other sensors on mooring
Instrument issues:
- biofouling low, biowiper free to turn, face clear
- clock 1min slow  on deployment
- clock 11.5min slow on recovery
(both are corrected for in timestamps below)
- information from manufacturer (Seabird) suggests typically
fluorescence drift per year may be 2.6ug/L or 5% of max signal
turbidity drift per year may be 3.75 NTU or 15% per year
Post cruise calibrations were performed at Seabird,  
These provided updated scale factors for Chl and NTU of
- for CHL, 0.0130 instead of (precal) 0.0121
- for NTU, 0.0245 instead of (precal) 0.0242
Those suggest the pre cal data presented here may be
7% too low for Chl
1% too low for NTU
- 9999 indicates pre cal information missing
Dark counts checked with black tape over sensors
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 51 and 53
- Pre cruise DC for CHL and Turb = 45-51 and 45-55
Data issues:
- data interval given above is approximate, due to
instrument writing time, time between readings is
slightly greater than this.
- time stamps below are correct
- 4readings per on-time, individual
readings, and mean and std recorded here
- pre and post deployment, some period with cap on to
establish instrument drift. See cruise report for details


   === SUNA V2 

A224_SUNAV2_1920
SUNA V2 (Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer) with 10mm path length
Data interpolated by record number between reference updates:   
Cal D - pre deployment  and  Cal E - post deployment
 Data postprocessed for temperature and salinity (TS) effects using Seabird UCI software
  using TS data from BeringStrait_2024_A2_ODOsbe37_24443.pre
 File includes pre and post deployment calibration tests using UW standard
   Pre deployment standard UW-made NO3 standard, 20uM
   Post deployment standard UW-made NO3 standard, 20uM
Note this makes the record non-continuous in time, 
  time interval stated above is that during the mooring deployment
Temperature and salinity are set to 20degC and 0psu for these tests
Note also data are not fitted to these calibration tests
 - SUNA deployed looking down in cage with FLNTUSB and ODO
- equipped with biowiper
- depth estimated from other sensors on mooring
- biofouling light, biowiper free to turn, face clear
- clock 16s slow on recovery
- data were collected in frame-based mode
     with 15 light and 1 dark frame per data interval
- dark frames are removed from the record below, but always returned 0
- manufacturer specifications are for accuracy of ~2uM
- ODO .ppp file not a good match to testtank, so ODO.pre file used
- data linearly interpolated between pre cal and post cal
- that product results in data 2uM less than bottles and often < 0uM
Thus, 2uM added to all data to match bottles and zero better

A324_SUNAV2_1918
SUNA V2 (Submersible Ultraviolet Nitrate Analyzer) with 10mm path length
Data interpolated by record number between reference updates:   
Cal H - pre deployment  and  Cal I - post deployment
Data postprocessed for temperature and salinity (TS) effects using Seabird UCI software
  using TS data from BeringStrait_2024_A3_ODOsbe37_24444.ppp
File includes pre and post deployment calibration tests using UW standard
   Pre deployment standard UW-made NO3 standard, 20uM
   Post deployment standard UW-made NO3 standard, 20uM
Note this makes the record non-continuous in time, 
  time interval stated above is that during the mooring deployment
Temperature and salinity are set to 20degC and 0psu for these tests
Note also data are not fitted to these calibration tests
- SUNA deployed looking down in cage with FLNTUSB and ODO
- equipped with biowiper
- depth estimated from other sensors on mooring
- biofouling light, biowiper free to turn, face clear
- clock accurate on recovery
- data were collected in frame-based mode
     with 15 light and 1 dark frame per data interval
- dark frames are removed from the record below, but always returned 0
- manufacturer specifications are for accuracy of ~2uM
- ODO .ppp salinities sometimes bad, patched with SBE data instead
- data linearly interpolated between pre cal and post cal
- that product results in data 2uM less than bottles and often < 0uM
Thus, 2uM added to all data to match bottles and zero better


11) Other related data sets:
       This data set is a continuation of mooring measurements made in the
       Bering Strait almost continuously since 1990.  Mooring data have
       already been archived via the SBI project, managed by JOSS/EOS,
       and at NODC (now NCEI), and metadata at arcticdata.io and AOOS.
       For details see
        http://psc.apl.washington.edu/BeringStrait.html
        https://data.eol.ucar.edu/master_lists/generated/sbi/
        http://www.ncei.noaa.gov
       Since 2000, CTD sections have been run in the Bering Strait on
       the mooring cruises.  These data are also accessible via the http
       links above.

12) Conditions for use or citation:
       Data freely available
       Please, as a courtesy, contact the PIs before using these data and cite as
       Woodgate et al., 2015 and Woodgate, 2018, viz:
           Woodgate, R.A., K.M.Stafford and F.G.Prahl (2015) A synthesis of
             year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering
             Strait (1990-2014) and the RUSALCA years (2004-2011), Oceanography
             28(3):46-67, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.57
       and
           Woodgate, R.A., 2018, Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic 
             from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving 
             mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data, 
             Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.
       and 
	   Woodgate, R.A., and C.Peralta-Ferriz, (2021), Warming and Freshening of the
 	     Pacific Inflow to the Arctic from 1990-2019 implying dramatic shoaling
  	     in Pacific Winter Water ventilation of the Arctic water column,
	     Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2021GL092528
       and
	   Woodgate, R.A., C.Peralta-Ferriz and L.Jensen, (submitted 2025), 
 	     Pacific-to-Arctic oceanic nitrate fluxes: First Bering Strait overwinter 
	     nitrate time-series (2022-2024) show winter replenishment and suggest 
	    decadal flux increase, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.

13) Data qualifications or warnings:
       See also Data collection problems.
       For data issues relevant to a specific deployment, see the
       individual headers.  In general:
       SBE data: Standard Sea-Bird limitations apply
            SBE37s:
            - estimated accuracy 0.002 deg C, 0.0003 S/m
              (corresponding to 0.008 psu), and < 1 db.
            SBE16s:
            - estimated accuracy 0.02 deg C, 0.0012 S/m
              (corresponding to 0.02 psu), and < 1 db.
	      FOR BOTH:
            - see header files for difference between pre and post calibration
              which are usually 0.03 psu or greater.
            - Note that post-calibrations on the SBE16s in the strait often
              suggest salinity sensor drift during deployment of between
              0.02 and 0.1psu, and this should be considered if post
              calibrations are not available
            - Note also that clogging of the salinity cell during
              deployment will not be captured by the post calibration
              and thus generally ends of records should be suspected
              for anomalously low salinities, especially if the SBE
              is not mounted vertical.
            SBE37ODO:
            - estimated accuracy 0.002 deg C, 0.0003 S/m
              (corresponding to 0.008 psu), 
            - 100m strain gauge pressure sensor accuracy 0.1% of full scale range (i.e., 0.1db)
            - DO SBE63 sensor, larger of 3umol/kg (I,e,, 0.07ml/l) or 2%
            WETLABS FLNTUSB
            - Fluorescence drift of 2.6ug/L or 5% of max signal per year
            - Turbidity drift of 3.75NTU or 15% per year
            - see header for more specific information
            SUNA V2
            - after TS correction (Sea-Bird UCI software applying Sakamoto et al., 2009),
            and reference updates, final data agree to bottle samples to <1uM.


       ADCP data: Standard RDI limitations apply
            - estimated accuracy
              ~ 0.5 cm/s for water velocities (~100 pings per ensemble)
              Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with bin and time
              ~ 1 cm/s for ice velocities (2 or 5 pings per ensemble)
              Estimated errors (given in the files) vary with time
              ~ 1 deg in direction (see header files)
              Range to ice - accurate to 1% of range to surface (i.e. ~ 0.4 m)
              ~ 0.4 deg C in temperature
              Note that ADCP range measurements are not corrected
              for pitch and roll.  For full discussion and correction,
              see: Woodgate and Holroyd, 2011, included in archive



14) Grant numbers:
      Mooring sponsorship came from
      - National Science Foundation (NSF) Arctic Observing Network (AON)
      program, grant PLR-2153942 (PI: Woodgate and Peralta-Ferriz)

15) Sample repository locations:
        National Centers for Environmental Information
          (http://www.ncei.noaa.gov)
          (previously National Ocean Data Center)
        University of Washington (http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD)

16) Please use the following citations for these data:
   Woodgate, R.A., K.M.Stafford and F.G.Prahl (2015) A synthesis of
       year-round interdisciplinary mooring measurements in the Bering
       Strait (1990-2014) and the RUSALCA years (2004-2011), 
       Oceanography, 28(3):46-67, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2015.57
and
   Woodgate, R.A., 2018, Increases in the Pacific inflow to the Arctic 
       from 1990 to 2015, and insights into seasonal trends and driving 
       mechanisms from year-round Bering Strait mooring data, 
       Progress in Oceanography, 160, 124-154, 
       doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2017.12.007.
and 
   Woodgate, R.A., and C.Peralta-Ferriz, (2021), Warming and Freshening of the
 	Pacific Inflow to the Arctic from 1990-2019 implying dramatic shoaling
  	in Pacific Winter Water ventilation of the Arctic water column,
	Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2021GL092528
and
    Woodgate, R.A., C.Peralta-Ferriz and L.Jensen, (submitted 2025), 
 	Pacific-to-Arctic oceanic nitrate fluxes: First Bering Strait overwinter 
	nitrate time-series (2022-2024) show winter replenishment and suggest 
	decadal flux increase, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters.

==============================================================================

==============================================================================

FILE LISTING   
=============

Total number of files:  756 files (663Mb) including 6 main subdirectories 

Name
----
= Metadata file (1 file)
	 Bering_Strait_Moorings_2024-2025_NSFAON_ReadMe_versFeb2026.txt

= Cruise reports (2 files) and 1 technical note (1 file)
	BeringStrait2024CruiseReport_Norseman2_versMarch2025withlogs.pdf
	BeringStrait2025CruiseReport_Norseman2_vers20thFeb2026wEL.pdf
	WoodgateandHolroyd2011_BTrangeCorrection.pdf

= ISCAT data  (4 files)
  - 3 ICsbe*.ppp of pre-post calibrated SBE37data
      	BeringStrait_2024_A2_ICsbe37_24297.ppp
	BeringStrait_2024_A3_ICsbe37L_24426.ppp
	BeringStrait_2024_A3_ICsbe37U_24425.ppp
  - 1 ICLog*.pre of pre calibrated logger data
	BeringStrait_2024_A4_ICLog03_20935.pre

= SBE37 (3 files)
  - 2 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data
	BeringStrait_2024_A2_sbe37_24435.ppp
	BeringStrait_2024_A4_sbe37_23154.ppp
  - 1 .pre files of pre calibrated data
 	BeringStrait_2024_A3_sbe37_24307.pre
 (see also SBE37HexandConFiles directory)

= FLNTUSB fluorescence and turbidity data (3 files)
  - 3 .pre files of pre-cruise calibrated FLTUSB data
	BeringStrait_2024_A2_FLTUSB_7566.pre
	BeringStrait_2024_A3_FLTUSB_1260.pre
	BeringStrait_2024_A4_FLTUSB_7565.pre

= SUNA nitrate data 
  - 2 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data
	BeringStrait_2024_A2_SUNA_1920.ppp
	BeringStrait_2024_A3_SUNA_1918.ppp
    (see also SUNA_rawandcalfiles directory)

= SBE37ODO data
  - 1 .pre files of pre calibrated data
	BeringStrait_2024_A2_ODOsbe37_24443.pre
  - 1 .ppp files of pre-post calibrated data
	BeringStrait_2024_A3_ODOsbe37_24444.ppp
     (see also SBE37ODOhexandConFiles directory)


.. and the 6 subdirectories,

Three subdirectories of ADCP data, naming conventions 
as described above, including test and raw data files
(each 27 files):
./BeringStrait_2024_A2_adcp02234:
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234.btm
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234.ins
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234ADCPdeploytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234ADCPraw.000
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234ADCPrecoverytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin01.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin02.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin03.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin04.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin05.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin06.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin07.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin08.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin09.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin10.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin11.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin12.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin13.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin14.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin15.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin16.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin17.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin18.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin19.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin20.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin21.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A2_02234_bin22.rdat
RW_UWHeader_2234_A2_2024.txt

./BeringStrait_2024_A3_adcp12845:
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845.btm
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845.ins
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845ADCPdeploytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845ADCPraw.000
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845ADCPrecoverytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin01.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin02.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin03.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin04.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin05.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin06.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin07.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin08.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin09.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin10.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin11.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin12.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin13.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin14.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin15.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin16.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin17.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin18.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin19.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin20.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin21.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A3_12845_bin22.rdat

./BeringStrait_2024_A4_adcp13756:
BeringStrait_2024_A4_12756ADCPdeploytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A4_12756ADCPrecoverytests.txt
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756.btm
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756.ins
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756ADCPraw.000
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin01.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin02.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin03.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin04.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin05.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin06.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin07.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin08.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin09.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin10.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin11.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin12.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin13.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin14.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin15.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin16.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin17.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin18.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin19.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin20.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin21.rdat
BeringStrait_2024_A4_13756_bin22.rdat


One subdirectory of raw Hex and con files for SBE37ODO
./SBE37ODOHexandConFiles:
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724443_2025_07_07.hex
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724443_2025_07_07.xmlcon
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724443_postcal_Fall2025.xmlcon
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724444_2025_07_07.hex
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724444_2025_07_07.xmlcon
SBE37SMP-ODO-RS232_03724444_postcal_Fall2025.xmlcon

One subdirectory of raw Hex and con files for SBE16
./SBE37HexandConFiles:
SBE37IM_03724307_2025_07_06.hex
SBE37IM_03724307_2025_07_06.xmlcon
SBE37SM-RS232_03723154_2025_07_06.hex
SBE37SM-RS232_03723154_2025_07_06.xmlcon
SBE37SM-RS232_03724435_2025_07_06.hex
SBE37SM-RS232_03724435_2025_07_06.xmlcon

Two directories of SUNA raw and calibration files 
./SUNA_rawandcalfiles:
SUNA1918_A324postdeploymentfiles
SUNA1920_A224postdeploymentfiles
… within each 
- various calibration files including pre and post cruise cals (.cal files)
- various diagnostic files
- the .xml instrument package file
- a directory of data (./DAT)  (306 files for A224_1920, 322 files for A324_1918)
- a directory of log files (./LOG)


+++++++++ END OF FILE LISTING ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 